How To Draw Ferdinand Magellan Christopher Columbus

Portuguese explorer

Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan, in a 16th or 17th century bearding portrait
Born	Fernão de Magalhães (1480-02-04)iv February 1480 Sabrosa, Kingdom of Portugal
Died	27 April 1521(1521-04-27) (aged 41) Chiefdom of Mactan
Nationality	Portuguese
Known for	The Magellan expedition Finding the Strait of Magellan First European Pacific Ocean crossing
Signature

Ferdinand Magellan (^[1] or ;^[2] Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães, IPA: [fɨɾˈnɐ̃w dɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃jʃ]; Spanish: Fernando de Magallanes, IPA: [feɾˈnando ðe maɣaˈʎanes]; iv February 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer and a discipline of the Hispanic Monarchy from 1518. He is best known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the Eastward Indies across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime trade route, during which he discovered the interoceanic passage bearing thereafter his name and achieved the first European navigation from the Atlantic to Asia. During this voyage, Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan in 1521 in the present-twenty-four hours Philippines. After that, Juan Sebastián Elcano took the lead of the expedition, and with its few other surviving members, in i of the two remaining ships, completed the first circumnavigation of the World when they returned to Spain in 1522.^{[three] [4]}

Born four Feb 1480 into a family unit of minor Portuguese nobility, Magellan became a skilled crewman and naval officer in service of the Portuguese Crown in Asia. King Manuel I of Portugal refused to back up Magellan's plan to reach the Maluku Islands (the "Spice Islands") by sailing westwards around the American continent. Facing some criminal offences, Magellan left Portugal and proposed the same expedition to King Charles I of Spain, who accustomed information technology. Consequently, many in Portugal considered him a traitor and he never returned.^{[five] [6]} In Seville, he married, fathered two children, and organised the expedition.^[vii] For his allegiance to the Hispanic Monarchy, in 1518, Magellan was appointed admiral of the Spanish Armada and given command of the expedition – the 5-ship Fleet of Molucca. He was as well made Commander of the Order of Santiago, 1 of the highest armed services ranks of the Spanish Empire.^[eight]

Granted special powers and privileges by the King, he led the Fleet from Sanlucar de Barrameda, southwest across the Atlantic Ocean, to the eastern coast of Due south America, and down to Patagonia. Despite a serial of storms and mutinies, the trek successfully passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Mar del Sur, which Magellan renamed the "Peaceful Sea" (the modern Pacific Ocean).^[9] The expedition reached Guam and, presently afterward, the Philippine islands. In that location Magellan was killed in the Boxing of Mactan in Apr 1521. Under the command of captain Juan Sebastian Elcano, the expedition afterward reached the Spice Islands. To navigate dorsum to Spain and avoid seizure by the Portuguese, the expedition's two remaining ships split, one attempting, unsuccessfully, to achieve New Spain past sailing eastwards across the Pacific, while the other, commanded by Elcano, sailed westwards via the Indian Body of water and up the Atlantic coast of Africa, finally arriving at the expedition's port of departure and thereby completing the commencement complete circuit of the globe.

While in the Kingdom of Portugal'due south service, Magellan had already reached the Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia on previous voyages traveling east (from 1505 to 1511–1512). Past visiting this surface area again but now traveling westward, Magellan achieved a well-nigh consummate personal circumnavigation of the world for the first time in history.^{[10] [11]}

Early life and travels

House where Magellan lived, in Sabrosa, Portugal

Magellan was born in the Portuguese town of Sabrosa on 4 February 1480.^[12] His father, Pedro de Magalhães, was a minor member of Portuguese dignity^[12] and mayor of the town. His female parent was Alda de Mezquita.^[13] Magellan's siblings included Diego de Sosa and Isabel Magellan.^[14] He was brought upwardly as a page of Queen Eleanor, consort of King John Two. In 1495 he entered the service of Manuel I, John's successor.^[15]

In March 1505, at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in the armada of 22 ships sent to host Francisco de Almeida equally the get-go viceroy of Portuguese Republic of india. Although his proper noun does not appear in the chronicles, it is known that he remained in that location viii years, in Goa, Cochin and Quilon. He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, where he was wounded. In 1509 he likewise fought in what is considered one the half-dozen battles that changed the world,^[16] the battle of Diu.^[17]

He later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the first Portuguese embassy to Malacca, with Francisco Serrão, his friend and perhaps cousin.^[18] In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell victim to a conspiracy catastrophe in retreat. Magellan had a crucial function, warning Sequeira and risking his life to rescue Francisco Serrão and others who had landed.^{[19] [20]}

In 1511, under the new governor Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan and Serrão participated in the conquest of Malacca. Later the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder and, in the company of a Malay he had indentured and baptized, Enrique of Malacca, he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513.^[21] Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to observe the "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas, where he remained. He married a woman from Amboina and became a war machine counselor to the Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. His letters to Magellan would prove decisive, giving data about the spice-producing territories.^{[22] [23]}

After taking a leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour. Serving in Morocco, he was wounded, resulting in a permanent limp. He was accused of trading illegally with the Moors. The accusations were proven false, but he received no further offers of employment subsequently xv May 1514. Later on in 1515, he got an employment offer as a coiffure member on a Portuguese send, but rejected this. In 1517 later on a quarrel with King Manuel I, who denied his persistent demands to pb an expedition to reach the spice islands from the e (i.east., while sailing westwards, seeking to avoid the need to sail effectually the tip of Africa^[24]), he left for Kingdom of spain. In Seville he befriended his countryman Diogo Barbosa and before long married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.^[25] They had two children: Rodrigo de Magallanes^[26] and Carlos de Magallanes, both of whom died at a young age. His married woman died in Seville around 1521.

Meanwhile, Magellan devoted himself to studying the near recent charts, investigating, in partnership with cosmographer Rui Faleiro, a gateway from the Atlantic to the Southward Pacific and the possibility of the Moluccas existence Spanish according to the demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Voyage of circumnavigation

Groundwork and preparations

Victoria, the sole ship of Magellan'south fleet to consummate the circumnavigation. Detail from a map by Ortelius, 1590.

After having his proposed expeditions to the Spice Islands repeatedly rejected by Rex Manuel of Portugal, Magellan renounced his Portuguese nationality and turned to Charles I, the young King of Spain (and futurity Holy Roman Emperor). Nether the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, Portugal was to control the eastern routes to Asia that went around Africa, specifically effectually the Cape of Proficient Promise. Magellan instead proposed to reach the Spice Islands past a western road, a feat which had never been accomplished. Hoping that this would yield a commercially useful merchandise route for Kingdom of spain, Charles approved the expedition, and provided nigh of the funding.

Rex Manuel I of Portugal saw this as an act of insult, and he did everything in his ability to disrupt Magellan's arrangements for the voyage. The Portuguese king allegedly ordered that Magellan'southward properties be vandalized as information technology was the Coat of arms of the Magellan displayed at the family business firm'southward façade in Sabrosa, his home town; and may take fifty-fifty requested the assassination of the navigator. When Magellan eventually sailed to the open seas in August 1519, a Portuguese fleet was sent later on him though failed to capture him.^{[27] [ ameliorate source needed ]}

Magellan's fleet consisted of five ships, carrying supplies for two years of travel. The crew consisted of nigh 270 men of different origins, though the numbers may vary downward among scholars based on contradicting data from the many documents bachelor. About 60 per cent of the coiffure were Spaniards issued from virtually all regions of Castile. Portuguese and Italian followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners from French republic (15), Hellenic republic (8), Flanders (5), Germany (3), Republic of ireland (2), England and Malaysia (one each) and other people of unidentified origin completed the crew.^{[28] [29] [30]}

Voyage

Magellan's voyages; the double line represents Magellan's trip from Portugal to the Moluccas. The single line traces his long, continuous voyage from Spain to the Philippines.^[31]

The armada left Espana on 20 September 1519, sailing west across the Atlantic toward South America. In December, they made landfall at Rio de Janeiro. From there, they sailed south along the coast, searching for a way through or around the continent. After three months of searching (including a faux start in the estuary of Río de la Plata), atmospheric condition weather forced the fleet to end their search to wait out the winter. They found a sheltered natural harbor at the port of Saint Julian, and remained at that place for five months. Shortly later on landing at St. Julian, in that location was a mutiny attempt led by the Spanish captains Juan de Cartagena, Gaspar de Quesada and Luis de Mendoza. Magellan barely managed to quell the wildcat, despite at i point losing control of three of his five ships to the mutineers. Mendoza was killed during the conflict, and Magellan sentenced Quesada and Cartagena to being beheaded and marooned, respectively. Lower-level conspirators were made to practise hard labor in chains over the winter, but later on freed.^[32]

During the winter, ane of the fleet's ships, the Santiago, was lost in a storm while surveying nearby waters, though no men were killed. Following the winter, the fleet resumed their search for a passage to the Pacific in October 1520. Three days later, they constitute a bay which eventually led them to a strait, at present known equally the Strait of Magellan, which immune them passage through to the Pacific. While exploring the strait, ane of the remaining four ships, the San Antonio, deserted the fleet, returning eastward to Kingdom of spain. The fleet reached the Pacific by the end of November 1520. Based on the incomplete understanding of world geography at the fourth dimension, Magellan expected a short journeying to Asia, perhaps taking as little every bit iii or four days.^[33] In fact, the Pacific crossing took iii months and twenty days. The long journey exhausted their supply of food and water, and around 30 men died, more often than not of scurvy.^[34] Magellan himself remained healthy, perhaps because of his personal supply of preserved quince.

On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet fabricated landfall at the island of Guam and were met by native Chamorro people who came aboard the ships and took items such every bit rigging, knives, and a ship's boat. The Chamorro people may accept thought they were participating in a trade commutation (every bit they had already given the fleet some supplies), but the crew interpreted their actions as theft.^[35] Magellan sent a raiding party ashore to retaliate, killing several Chamorro men, burning their houses, and recovering the stolen goods.^[36]

On sixteen March, the fleet sighted the island of Samar ("Zamal") in the eastern Philippine Islands. They weighed ballast in the pocket-sized (so uninhabited) island of Homonhon ("Humunu"), where they would remain for a week while their sick coiffure members recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of the neighboring island of Suluan ("Zuluan") and traded appurtenances and supplies and learned of the names of neighboring islands and local customs.^[37]

After resting and resupplying, Magellan sailed on deeper into the Visayas Islands. On 28 March, they anchored off the island of Limasawa ("Mazaua") where they encountered a small-scale outrigger gunkhole ("boloto"). After talking with the crew of the boat via Enrique of Malacca (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from Sumatra), they were met by the two big balangay warships ("balanghai") of Rajah Kulambo ("Colambu") of Butuan, and one of his sons. They went ashore to Limasawa where they met Kulambo's brother, some other leader, Rajah Siawi ("Siaui") of Surigao ("Calagan"). The rulers were on a hunting expedition on Limasawa. They received Magellan as their invitee and told him of their customs and of the regions they controlled in northeastern Mindanao. The tattooed rulers and the locals besides wore and used a great amount of aureate jewelry and gilt artifacts, which piqued Magellan's involvement. On 31 March, Magellan'southward crew held the first Mass in the Philippines, planting a cross on the island'southward highest hill. Before leaving, Magellan asked the rulers for the next nearest trading ports. They recommended he visit the Rajahnate of Cebu ("Zubu"), because it was the largest. They set off for Cebu, accompanied by the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port on 7 April.^{[37] : 141–150}

Magellan set virtually converting the locals to Christianity. Most accepted the new religion readily, simply the island of Mactan resisted. On 27 April, Magellan and members of his crew attempted to subdue the Mactan natives past force, but in the ensuing boxing, the Europeans were overpowered and Magellan was killed.

Following his death, Magellan was initially succeeded past co-commanders Juan Serrano and Duarte Barbosa (with a series of other officers later on leading). The armada left the Philippines (post-obit a encarmine betrayal by onetime ally Rajah Humabon) and eventually fabricated their way to the Moluccas in Nov 1521. Laden with spices, they attempted to set sail for Spain in December, but constitute that only one of their remaining two ships, the Victoria, was seaworthy. The Victoria, captained by Juan Sebastián Elcano, finally returned to Spain by 6 September 1522, completing the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who left with the trek, simply xviii or 19 survivors returned.^[38]

Death

Later several weeks in the Philippines, Magellan had converted as many as 2,200 locals to Christianity, including Rajah Humabon of Cebu and most leaders of the islands around Cebu.^[39] Yet, Lapulapu, the leader of Mactan,^[xl] resisted conversion.^{[41] [42]} In guild to gain the trust of Rajah Humabon,^{[43] [44]} Magellan sailed to Mactan with a pocket-size strength on the morning of 27 April 1521. During the resulting boxing against Lapulapu'south troops, Magellan was struck by a "bamboo" spear (bangkaw, which are really metal-tipped fire-hardened rattan), and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons.^{[45] [46]}

Antonio Pigafetta and Ginés de Mafra provided written documents of the events culminating in Magellan'due south expiry:

When morning came forty-9 of us leaped into the water upward to our thighs, and walked through water for more than ii crossbow flights before nosotros could attain the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the h2o. The other eleven men remained backside to guard the boats. When we reached land, those men had formed in three divisions to the number of more than ane m five hundred persons. When they saw u.s., they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries.... The musketeers and crossbowmen shot from a distance for about a one-half-60 minutes, but uselessly; for the shots only passed through the shields.... Recognizing the helm, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice.... An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain'southward face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. So, trying to lay mitt on sword, he could draw information technology out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, merely being larger. That caused the captain to autumn face up down, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our lite, our comfort, and our true guide.

—Antonio Pigafetta^{[45] : 173–177}

Nothing of Magellan's body survived, that afternoon the grieving rajah-king, hoping to recover his remains, offered Mactan's victorious primary a handsome ransom of copper and atomic number 26 for them merely Datu Lapulapu refused. He intended to go along the body as a war trophy. Since his married woman and kid died in Seville earlier any member of the expedition could return to Spain, it seemed that every evidence of Ferdinand Magellan's beingness had vanished from the earth.

—Ginés de Mafra^[47]

Reputation following circumnavigation

In the firsthand aftermath of the circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan for his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled in Spain and his native Portugal.^{[48] [49]} The Portuguese regarded Magellan as a traitor for having sailed for Spain. In Espana, Magellan's reputation suffered due to the largely unflattering accounts of his actions given by the survivors of the expedition.

The first news of the expedition came from the crew of the San Antonio, led by Estêvão Gomes, which deserted the fleet in the Strait of Magellan and returned to Seville half dozen May 1521. The deserters were put on trial, but eventually exonerated after producing a distorted version of the mutiny at Saint Julian, and depicting Magellan every bit disloyal to the king. The expedition was assumed to have perished.^[50] The Casa de Contratación withheld Magellan'due south bacon from his wife, Beatriz "considering the outcome of the voyage", and she was placed under house abort with their young son on the orders of Archbishop Fonseca.^[51]

The xviii survivors who eventually returned aboard the Victoria in September 1522 were also largely unfavourable to Magellan. Many, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in the mutiny at Saint Julian. On the ship'southward render, Charles summoned Elcano to Valladolid, inviting him to bring ii guests. He brought sailors Francisco Albo and Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly not including Antonio Pigafetta, the trek'southward chronicler. Under questioning by Valladolid'south mayor, the men claimed that Magellan refused to follow the king's orders (and gave this as the cause for the wildcat at Saint Julian), and that he unfairly favoured his relatives among the crew, and disfavoured the Spanish captains.^[52]

One of the few survivors loyal to Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta. Though not invited to bear witness with Elcano, Pigafetta made his own way to Valladolid and presented Charles with a hand-written copy of his notes from the journey. He would later travel through Europe giving copies to other royals including John Iii of Portugal, Francis I of French republic, and Philippe Villiers de Fifty'Isle-Adam. Subsequently returning to his home of Venice, Pigafetta published his diary (as Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo) around 1524. Scholars accept come to view Pigafetta'southward diary as the most thorough and reliable account of the circumnavigation, and its publication helped to eventually counter the misinformation spread by Elcano and the other surviving mutineers.^[53] In an oftentimes-cited passage following his clarification of Magellan's death in the Battle of Mactan, Pigafetta eulogizes the captain-general:

Magellan'southward main virtues were courage and perseverance, in even the well-nigh hard situations; for instance he bore hunger and fatigue ameliorate than all the residual of us. He was a magnificent practical seaman, who understood navigation improve than all his pilots. The best proof of his genius is that he circumnavigated the earth, none having preceded him.^[54]

Legacy

A 1561 map of America showing Magellan's proper noun for the Pacific, Mare pacificum, and the Strait of Magellan, labelled Frenum Magaliani

Magellan has come to be renowned for his navigational skill and tenacity. The offset circumnavigation has been called "the greatest sea voyage in the Age of Discovery",^[55] and even "the most important maritime voyage ever undertaken".^[56] Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time by the failure of subsequent expeditions which attempted to retrace his route, commencement with the Loaísa expedition in 1525 (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-command).^[57] The next expedition to successfully complete a circumnavigation, led by Francis Drake, would not occur until 1580, 58 years after the return of the Victoria.^[58]

Magellan named the Pacific Sea (which was besides often called the Sea of Magellan in his laurels until the eighteenth century^[59]), and lends his name to the Strait of Magellan. His name has as well since been practical to a variety of other entities, including the Magellanic Clouds (two dwarf galaxies visible in the dark sky of the southern hemisphere), Projection Magellan (a Common cold-State of war era US Navy projection to circumnavigate the earth by submarine), and NASA's Magellan spacecraft.

Quincentenary

Fifty-fifty though Magellan did not survive the trip, he has received more than recognition for the trek than Elcano has, since Magellan was the one who started it, Portugal wanted to recognize a Portuguese explorer, and Kingdom of spain feared Basque nationalism. In 2019, the 500th anniversary of the voyage, Spain and Magellan's native Portugal submitted a new joint application to UNESCO to honor the circumnavigation route.^[60] Commemorations of the circumnavigation include:

• An exhibition titled "The Longest Journey: the first circumnavigation" was opened at the Full general Archive of the Indies in Seville by the King and Queen of Spain. It was scheduled to exist transferred to the San Telmo Museum in San Sebastian in 2020.^[61]
• An exhibition entitled Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano opened at the library of the Spanish Bureau for International Evolution Cooperation in Madrid. It gave prominence to Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition.^[62]

See also

• List of things named after Ferdinand Magellan
• Historic period of Discovery
• Chronology of European exploration of Asia
• History of the Philippines
• Military history of the Philippines
• Portuguese Empire
• Spanish Empire

References

1. ^ "Magellan". Collins English language Dictionary . Retrieved 8 October 2019.
2. ^ "Magellan". Random Firm Webster'south Entire Dictionary . Retrieved eight October 2019.
3. ^ Pigafetta, Antonio. Magellan'south Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation, trans. and ed. Skelton, R.A. (2 vols., New Haven, CT, 1969).
4. ^ Mitchell, Mairin. Elcano: The Commencement Circumnavigator (London, 1958)
5. ^ A typical evaluation of Magellan past a contemporary Portuguese historian is that given by Damião de Goes, Crónica exercise felicissimo rei Dom Emanuel, edited by Texeira de Carvalho eastward Lopes (4 vols., Coimbra, 1926; originally published 1556), 4, 83–84, who considered Magellan "a disgruntled man who planned the voyage for Castile principally to spite the Portuguese sovereign Manuel."
6. ^ Torodash, Martin (1971). "Magellan Historiography". Hispanic American Historical Review. 51 (2): 313–335. doi:10.1215/00182168-51.2.313.
7. ^ Kinsella, Pat (27 April 2021). "Dire straits: the story of Ferdinand Magellan's fatal voyage of discovery". BBC History Magazine . Retrieved 23 July 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
8. ^ Castro, Xavier de (dir.); Carmen Bernand; Hamon, Jocelyne et Thomaz, Luiz Filipe (2010). Le voyage de Magellan (1519–1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta et autres témoignages (in French). Paris: Éditions Chandeigne, collection " Magellane ". ISBN 978-2915540574
9. ^ Hartig, Otto (one October 1910). "Ferdinand Magellan". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 31 October 2010 – via NewAdvent.org.
10. ^ Miller, Gordon (2011). Voyages: To the New Earth and Beyond (1st ed.). Academy of Washington Printing. p. 30. ISBN978-0-295-99115-3.
11. ^ Dutch, Steve (21 May 1997). "Circumnavigations of the Globe to 1800". University of Wisconsin-Light-green Bay. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
12. ^ ^{a b} Bergreen 2003, p. 17.
13. ^ Hartig, Otto (1913). "Ferdinand Magellan". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
14. ^ Ocampo 2019.
15. ^ 1 or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). "Magellan, Ferdinand". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Printing. pp. 302–304.
16. ^ Weir, William (2018). 50 Battles That Changed the Globe. Permuted Printing.
17. ^ James A. Patrick, Renaissance and Reformation, p. 787, Marshall Cavendish, 2007, ISBN 0-7614-7650-4
18. ^ William J. Bernstein, A Splendid Exchange: How Merchandise Shaped the World, pp. 183–185, Grove Press, 2009, ISBN 0-8021-4416-0
19. ^ Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", pp. 44–45, Read Books, 2007, ISBN one-4067-6006-iv
20. ^ Joyner 1992, pp. 42–43.
21. ^ Joyner 1992, p. 50.
22. ^ Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", p. 51, Read Books, 2007, ISBN 1-4067-6006-four
23. ^ R.A. Donkin, "Betwixt East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices upward to the Arrival of Europeans", p. 29, Volume 248 of Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, Diane Publishing, 2003 ISBN 0-87169-248-1
24. ^ Mervyn D. Kaufman (2004), Ferdinand Magellan, Capstone Press, pp. 13, ISBN978-0-7368-2487-3
25. ^ "Beatriz Barbosa, 1495". Geneall.internet.
26. ^ Noronha 1921.
27. ^ Galván, Javier (7 September 2020). "That small superpower where Magellan was built-in". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 23 July 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
28. ^ Nancy Smiler Levinson (2001), Magellan and the Starting time Voyage Around the World, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 39, ISBN978-0-395-98773-5 , retrieved 31 July 2010, Personnel records are imprecise. The most accustomed total number is 270.
29. ^ Serrano, Tomás Mazón (2020). "T. Elcano, Journeying to History".
30. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 61.
31. ^ Smith, Lucy Humphrey (1920). "Magellan". St. Nicholas Mag. Vol. 48, no. ane. p. 498 – via Scribner.
32. ^ "Ferdinand Magellan – Fidelity to Spain". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 31 March 2021.
33. ^ Cameron 1974, p. 145.
34. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 215.
35. ^ George Bryan Souza, Jeffrey S. Turley (2016). The Boxer Codex Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Apropos the Geography, History and Ethnography of the Pacific, S-E and East Asia. Brill. p. 303. ISBN978-xc-04-29273-iv. OCLC 932684337.
36. ^ Bergreen 2003, pp. 224–231.
37. ^ ^{a b} Nowell, C.E. (1962). "Antonio Pigafetta's account". Magellan's Voyage Around the World. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008001532. OCLC 347382.
38. ^ Cameron 1974, p. 209.
39. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 271.
40. ^ ABS-CBN News (1 May 2019). "It's Lapulapu: Gov't committee weighs in on correct spelling of Filipino hero's name". ABS-CBN News. ABS-CBN Corporation. Retrieved 22 Nov 2019.
41. ^ David, Hawthorne (1964). Ferdinand Magellan. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
42. ^ "Battle of Mactan Marks Starting time of Organized Filipino Resistance Vs. Foreign Aggression". Retrieved 9 April 2009.
43. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth (thirteen November 2019). "Lapu-Lapu, Magellan and blind patriotism". Inquirer.internet . Retrieved 22 November 2019.
44. ^ Mojarro, Jorge (ten November 2019). "[Opinion] The anger toward the 'Elcano & Magellan' film is unjustified". Rappler. Rappler Inc. Retrieved 22 Nov 2019.
45. ^ ^{a b} Pigafetta, Antonio (1906). Magellan's Voyage Around the Globe (1906 ed.). tr. James Alexander Robertson
46. ^ Monteclar, Arthur Paul. "Cebuano Weapons Used During the Boxing of Mactan". Sugbo.ph . Retrieved 22 March 2022.
47. ^ Manchester, William (1993). A World Lit Only by Fire. Little, Brown and Visitor. ISBN978-0-316-54556-three. ^{[ page needed ]}
48. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 406.
49. ^ Cameron 1974, p. 210.
50. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 299.
51. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 305.
52. ^ Bergreen 2003, pp. 399–402.
53. ^ Bergreen 2003, pp. 403–405.
54. ^ Cameron 1974, p. 215.
55. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 414.
56. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 2.
57. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 412.
58. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 413.
59. ^ Camino, Mercedes Maroto. Producing the Pacific: Maps and Narratives of Castilian Exploration (1567–1606), p. 76. 2005.
60. ^ Minder, Raphael (20 September 2019). "Who First Circled the Earth? Not Magellan, Kingdom of spain Wants You to Know". The New York Times.
61. ^ "King and Queen of Spain open commemorative exhibition on commencement circumnavigation by Magellan and Elcano". 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
62. ^ "Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano".

Sources

• Beaglehole, J.C. (1966), The Exploration of the Pacific, London: Adam & Charles Black, OCLC 253002380
• Castro, Xavier de; Hamon, Jocelynn; Thomaz, Luis Filipe de Castro (2007). Le voyage de Magellan (1519–1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta & autres témoignages. Paris: Chandeigne, coll. "Magellane". ISBN978-2-915540-32-1. {{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Cliffe, Edward (1885). Hakluyt, Richard (ed.). "The voyage of M. John Winter into the South ocean by the Streight of Magellan, in consort with Chiliad. Francis Drake, begun in the yeere 1577". The primary navigations, voyages, traffiques and discoveries of the English nation. Edinburgh: Eastward. & K. Goldsmid. {{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Drake, Francis (1628), The world encompassed by Sir Francis Drake: being his side by side voyage to that to Nombre de Dios Elibron, Classics series, Outcome 16 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Lodge, Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN978-1-4021-9567-9
• Hogan, C. Michael (2008). N. Stromberg (ed.). Magellanic Penguin. GlobalTwitcher.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. {{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Noronha, Dom José Manoel de (1921). Imprensa da Universidade (ed.). Algumas Observações sobre a Naturalidade e a Família de Fernão de Magalhães (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Biblioteca Genealogica de Lisboa. Archived from the original on vii March 2010. {{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
• Stefoff, Rebecca (1990), Ferdinand Magellan and the Discovery of the Globe Ocean, Chelsea Business firm Publishers, ISBN978-0-7910-1291-8
• Suárez, Thomas (1999). Early mapping of Southeast Asia. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-962-593-470-nine. {{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

Online sources

• Ocampo, Ambeth (5 July 2019), "Magellan's final will and testament", INQUIRER.net, INQUIRER.internet, retrieved 5 July 2019
• Swenson, Tait Chiliad. (2005). "Start Circumnavigation of the Globe by Magellan 1519–1522". The Spider web Chronology project . Retrieved fourteen March 2006. {{commendation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

Farther reading

Primary sources

• Pigafetta, Antonio (1906), Magellan's Voyage around the World, Arthur A. Clark (orig. Primer viaje en torno del globo Retrieved on 2009-04-08)
• Magellan (Francis Guillemard, Antonio Pigafetta, Francisco Albo, Gaspar Correa) [2008] Viartis ISBN 978-i-906421-00-7
• Maximilianus Transylvanus, De Moluccis insulis, 1523, 1542
• Nowell, Charles Due east., ed. (1962), Magellan'south Voyage around the World: 3 Contemporary Accounts, Evanston: NU Press
• The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan, total text, English translation by Lord Stanley of Alderley, London: Hakluyt, [1874] – half-dozen gimmicky accounts of his voyage

Secondary sources

• Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). "Magellan, Ferdinand". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge Academy Press. pp. 302–304.
• Bergreen, Laurence (2003), Over the Edge of the Globe: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe , William Morrow, ISBN978-0-06-093638-9
• Guillemard, Francis Henry Colina (1890), The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1480–1521, G. Philip, retrieved viii Apr 2009
• Hildebrand, Arthur Sturges (1924), Magellan, New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co, ISBN978-ane-4179-1413-v
• Joyner, Tim (1992), Magellan, Camden, Me.: International Marine Publishing, ISBN978-0-07-033128-0
• Nunn, George E. (1932), The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography
• Parr, Charles M. (1953), So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan, New York: Crowell, ISBN978-0-8371-8521-7
• Parry, J.H. (1979), The Discovery of South America, New York: Taplinger
• Parry, J.H. (1981), The Discovery of the Bounding main, Berkeley: University of California Printing, ISBN978-0-520-04236-0
• Parry, J.H. (1970), The Spanish Seaborne Empire, New York: Knopf, ISBN978-0-520-07140-7
• Pérez-Mallaína, Pablo Eastward. (1998), Kingdom of spain's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century, translated by Carla Rahn Phillips, Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Printing, ISBN978-0-8018-5746-i
• Roditi, Edouard (1972), Magellan of the Pacific, London: Faber & Faber, ISBN978-0-571-08945-1
• Schurz, William L. (May 1922), "The Spanish Lake", Hispanic American Historical Review, five (ii): 181–194, doi:10.2307/2506024, JSTOR 2506024.
• Thatcher, Oliver J., ed. (1907), "Magellan'due south Voyage Round the World", The Library of Original Sources, vol. Five, University Research Extension, pp. 41–57, hdl:2027/nyp.33433067371306
• Wilford, John Noble (2000), The Mapmakers, New York: Knopf, ISBN978-0-375-70850-3 ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
• Zweig, Stefan (2007), Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan, Read Books, ISBN978-1-4067-6006-4
• Cameron, Ian (1974). Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the earth. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN029776568X. OCLC 842695.

External links

• Ferdinand Magellan on history.com
• PBS Secrets of the Dead: Magellan's Crossing
• Magellan'due south untimely demise on Cebu in the Philippines from History House
• Expedición Magallanes – Juan Sebastian Elcano
• Encyclopædia Britannica Ferdinand Magellan

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan

Posted by: whisleroulty1966.blogspot.com

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